Weather Update

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Weather

The Earth's weather system includes the dynamics of the atmosphere and its interaction with the oceans and land. Weather ranges from local or micro-physical processes that occur in minutes through global-scale phenomena that we can predict with a degree of success at an estimated maximum of two weeks prior. The Weather focus area is important to the NASA Earth Science for two reasons:

• First, improving our knowledge of weather processes and phenomena is crucial in gaining an understanding of the Earth system.
• Second, there is an infrastructure in the U.S. for operational meteorology at NOAA, the FAA, the DoD, and other agencies that requires the introduction of new technologies and knowledge that only NASA can develop.

NASA has been a strong contributor to the National weather forecasting goals in the past, and will continue to be in the future, primarily through the development and use of data from space-based sensors. Satellite-based profiles of temperature and moisture have been routinely used in operational forecasting for more than 20 years, and new NASA sensors hold promise for more accuracy and spatial resolution. A geostationary Lightning Mapper Sensor (LMS) will provide dramatic improvements in the operational use of sounding data for real-time diagnosing of severe storms. Recent developments in assimilating radar and passive microwave data from TRMM and the Advanced Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data from Aqua have improved weather forecasts. Further advances in predictive capabilities will come with data from the new GPM satellite, which can measure falling rain, snow, and ice in light to heavy quantities and cover the entire globe every three hours.

Research Questions

Weather addresses the following overarching questions:

• How can weather forecast duration and reliability be improved?
• What can we do to improve the capability to predict weather and extreme weather events?
• What impact does the large-scale environment, particularly the Saharan Air Layer, have on hurricane intensity change?
• What is the role of storm internal processes such as deep convective towers?
• To what extent are storm intensification processes predictable?
• How can we use the NASA satellite and airborne observations in the day-to-day weather forecast operations at our partner agencies?